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OurView: Will AI spell lights out for white-collar workers?

Perhaps the greatest symbol of tech companies’ uncanny valley visions or the AI-powered future are dark factories — also called lights-out factories, these AI-managed manufacturing plants are so fully automated that machines perform their work in full or near darkness 24 hours a day, seven days a week, without breaks — and largely without humans.

So far, there are less than a handful of such plants, all operating outside the United States. Give it time, though, and they’ll likely appear here in the form of lights-out fulfillment warehouses and vehicle assembly lines. Blue-collar workers are hardly the people most in danger of being supplanted by AI, though.

As you’ll read in this month’s issue of Virginia Business, remains a key focus across industries, presenting opportunities for increased productivity and capacity (see our story about law firms integrating AI into daily workflows) as well as major challenges like AI’s rapacious appetite for energy. (See our September 2025 cover story about plans for expanding nuclear power.)

The biggest immediate dilemma AI poses for business and society, however, is its potential impact on the professional labor force.

In a May interview with Axios, CEO Dario Amodei of AI company Anthropic predicted what the news site deemed “a white-collar bloodbath.” Between 2026 and 2030, Amodei forecasts, AI could eliminate 50% of entry-level white-collar , resulting in up to 20% .

Speaking at a Federal Reserve conference in July, OpenAI CEO Sam Altman said “entire classes of jobs will go away” because of AI, notably including customer service.

Amodei warned against AI companies and government “sugarcoating” what’s likely ahead, noting that most people “are unaware this is about to happen. It sounds crazy, and people just don’t believe it.”

Believe it or not, we may already be seeing the signs. In late July, The Wall Street Journal ran this headline: “AI is Wrecking an Already Fragile Job Market for College Graduates.”

Companies told the Journal that they’re turning to AI platforms like instead of hiring interns or entry-level coders. And while the national unemployment rate hovers around 4%, it was 6.6% for new college graduates as of this May. Anecdotally, the Journal found the situation is worst among graduates with tech degrees.

The New York Times picked up that thread in August with this story: “Goodbye, $165,000 Tech Jobs. Student Coders Seek Work at Chipotle.”

For the past several years, Virginia has been part of a massive push to produce more computer science graduates to meet the anticipated needs of companies like Amazon, which has its HQ2 East Coast headquarters in Arlington. But as the Times noted, Gen Z college graduates with computer science and computer engineering degrees are now battling unemployment rates of 6.1% and 7.5% respectively.

While there’s no firm proof yet this is due to AI taking over entry-level jobs, we’re also already seeing headlines about billionaire tech CEOs laying off and replacing hundreds of workers at a time with AI.
So, what’s the solution? We can’t have mass unemployment, and we can’t freeze out a new generation of college graduates eager to join the workforce, can we? The ancillary economic impact on industries from retailers to and real estate would be devastating.

Enter universal basic income, or UBI.

Tech leaders like Altman, Tesla’s Elon Musk and Salesforce’s Marc Benioff have been bandying about the concept of a “Star Trek” future in which literally everyone shares in the wealth generated by AI. Altman has floated the idea of annually distributing digital tokens to every person as a form of currency.

This vision of a tech utopia may be enticing to some, but — corporate social responsibility notwithstanding — our system of capitalism is based on profit, not charity. It’s difficult to imagine Elon Musk (net worth $418.7 billion) or Jeff Bezos ($237.8 billion) engaging in widespread wealth redistribution.

Maybe this is the tech industry crafting a preemptive defense against potential liability. Or, as MIT labor economist David Autor suggested to the Journal, maybe it’s because these CEOs “think they’re gonna put everyone out of work, and they don’t have a better idea for what to do about that.”

Health Care 2025: THOMAS, RONY

Under Thomas’ leadership since 2004, LifeNet Health has continued to grow since its 1982 founding as the Eastern Virginia Tissue Bank.

Today, the nonprofit that provides organ, tissue and cell transplants has approximately 1,500 employees globally. In 2024, the organization worked with a record 299 people donating 857 organs for transplant, a 25% increase from 2023.

While it’s better known for organ transplants, LifeNet Health also distributes nearly 1 million allografts — tissue implanted from one person to another — annually. LifeNet Health LifeSciences provides human primary cells, tissues and 3D models for scientific research, drug discovery and safety testing. In 2023, LifeNet purchased Bioventus’ wound care business for $85 million, including $35 million in cash at the time of purchase.

LifeNet Health announced in October 2024 it would use a lab in Virginia Beach for liver disease research and sports applications. The nonprofit is leasing the 5,700-square-foot facility that housed the VABeachBio Accelerator, with renovations expected to be complete this year.

Previously, Thomas served as CEO at USA Instruments. He has an MBA from Case Western Reserve University and a master’s degree from the University of Akron.

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Health Care 2025: PULCZINSKI, DALE

Pulczinski is corporate vice president of Novo Nordisk’s manufacturing facility in Petersburg. The Danish pharmaceutical company bought the former AMPAC Fine Chemicals facility from Seoul-based manufacturing conglomerate SK Group at the end of 2024.

The maker of Wegovy and Ozempic has more than 10,000 employees in the U.S. across 11 manufacturing, research and development and business locations and produces half the world’s insulin. Novo Nordisk reported 2024 net sales of 290.4 billion in Danish krone, equivalent to approximately

$45.3 billion. Of that, its U.S. sales accounted for 167.4 billion in Danish krone, or about $26 billion.

As of May, Novo Nordisk had about 100 employees at the 600,000-square-foot Petersburg facility and was hiring for new positions. The location will focus on increasing development and production of future Novo Nordisk products.

A former U.S. Navy officer and assistant professor of naval science in George Washington University’s Naval ROTC program, Pulczinski has been with Novo Norwdisk for more than 22 years. He most recently oversaw its Durham, North Carolina, facility, which produces oral finished products.

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Health Care 2025: CONNAUGHTON, SEAN T.

Since 2014, Connaughton has led this trade association that represents 26 . The VHHA advocates for policies that support the sustainability of Virginia’s health care system, reduce health care costs and improve the health of Virginians. The organization also tracked COVID-related hospitalizations at the height of the pandemic.

Previously a commissioned officer on active duty with the U.S. Coast Guard, Connaughton later joined the Naval Reserve and retired as a commander. Early in his civilian career, Connaughton was an attorney and served twice as chair of the Prince William County Board of Supervisors.

President George W. Bush tapped Connaughton to be administrator of the U.S. Maritime Administration in 2006. Later, Connaughton served as Virginia’s transportation secretary under Gov. Bob McDonnell.

In a July WRVA radio interview, Connaughton said Medicaid cuts at , part of the Trump administration’s budget reconciliation bill, would shift the cost burden onto people with commercial insurance. He and other Virginia health care officials have frequently sounded the alarm that the state could see some rural hospitals close due to the loss of funding.

A U.S. Naval War College graduate, Connaughton earned degrees from George Mason University, Georgetown University and the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy.

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Health Care 2025: EDWARDS, DR. ERIC

Frustrated that the U.S. had so many medications on the Food and Drug Administration’s drug-shortage list, Edwards partnered in 2020 with Frank Gupton, a Virginia Commonwealth University professor, to launch Phlow, which develops and domestically manufactures active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and finished pharmaceutical products.

That year, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services awarded Phlow a four-year, $354 million contract to create a domestic supply chain for essential drugs and pharmaceutical ingredients in short supply. In July 2024, Phlow’s plant in Petersburg started production.

In March, Phlow announced it had filed a drug master file with the FDA for its epinephrine API production, meaning the API is ready to be converted into a finished drug product. It also selected tech company Apprentice to provide an AI-driven manufacturing system to accelerate production, and Phlow also expanded its Richmond labs.

Edwards co-founded Kaléo, and the VCU triple graduate serves on the boards of Phlow subsidiary MedPhlow (where he’s also CEO), the Food Allergy Science Initiative and BioHealth Innovation.

WHAT PEOPLE WOULD BE SURPRISED TO LEARN ABOUT ME: My identical twin is much better looking and is aging slower than me.

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Hospitality | Tourism 2025: BALTIMORE JR., THOMAS J.

Park & Resorts fell off the Fortune 1000 list this year, after ranking No. 957 in 2024. The real estate investment trust reported more than $2.59 billion in 2024 revenues, down from more than $2.69 billion in 2023. Nonetheless, it had a 2.9% year-over-year increase in comparable and total revenue per available room.

Park plans to dispose of $300 million to $400 million of noncore hotel assets in 2025, Baltimore said in February on an earnings call. In May, the company announced it had sold the 316-room Hyatt Centric Fisherman’s Wharf hotel in San Francisco for $80 million. Park is also spending approximately $310 million to $330 million on renovations across several properties.

Baltimore joined Park in 2016, shortly before its 2017 spinoff from McLean-based Hilton Worldwide Holdings. He was previously president and CEO of RLJ Lodging Trust. He co-founded RLJ Development, RLJ’s predecessor, and served as its president from 2000 to 2011.

The University of Virginia double graduate is on the boards of directors of American Express and Comcast. In January, he was one of 12 recipients of the Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans’ 2025 Horatio Alger Award.

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Hospitality | Tourism 2025: CARROLL, JAMES

A former Navy fighter pilot with a Harvard MBA, Carroll parlayed his financial management expertise into running one of the largest independent hotel operators in the country.

Founded in 2000, Crestline & Resorts operates about 18,300 rooms in 28 states and Washington, D.C. In January, the company announced its acquisition of Five Senses ‘s management contract portfolio of 13 hotels. Crestline also manages Georgetown University’s hotel, overseeing renovations beginning this fall.

Carroll joined Crestline in 2004 as senior vice president and treasurer, after holding various financial positions at Dell. He was promoted to chief financial officer in 2006 and chief operating officer in 2009, before becoming the hotel management company’s president and CEO in 2010. Carroll also was involved in the formation and growth of Playa Hotels & Resorts, an international private equity real estate venture.

Crestline operates more than 130 hotels under 25 brands and private labels, including Marriott, Hyatt Hotels and InterContinental Hotels Group. It’s an indirect subsidiary of the Barceló Group, based in Spain.

Carroll sits on the boards of the American Hotel & Association and Virginia Beach-based real estate investment trust Armada Hoffler Properties.

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Hospitality | Tourism 2025: MCCLENNY, RITA

A Southampton County native, McClenny has been working to bring and film productions to Virginia since 1991. She ran Virginia Film Office, a division of the Virginia Tourism Corp., for two decades before becoming president of the state agency in 2012.

As Virginia Film Office head, McClenny was responsible for bringing high-profile TV and movie projects like Steven Spielberg’s “Lincoln” to the commonwealth.

Tourism in Virginia generated $35.1 billion in visitor spending in 2024, with the tourism industry directly supporting more than 229,000 in the state and driving $2.5 billion in state and local tax revenue.

The agency recently awarded more than $2 million in matching grant funds to 197 local tourism programs, supporting tourism marketing campaigns to increase visitation and traveler spending through 2026.

McClenny is part of the VA250 Commission, which is organizing statewide events commemorating the nation’s 250th birthday in 2026.

ON INTEGRATING AI: Must do. It saves time and supports visitation to Virginia with itinerary development.

WHAT PEOPLE WOULD BE SURPRISED TO LEARN ABOUT ME: I’m a polo player.

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Health Care 2025: JONES, DR. J. STEPHEN

Jones has led Inova Health since 2018. The Northern Virginia health system employs approximately 25,000 people across its five and numerous other facilities, including the region’s only Level 1 trauma center and Level 4 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Jones previously led Cleveland Clinic Regional Hospitals and Family Health Centers. The editor of an American Urological Association journal, Jones is immediate past chair of the American Group Association’s board.

In September 2024, Inova launched its first comprehensive campaign, with a goal of raising $500 million by Dec. 31, 2029.

Inova began construction in September 2024 on a Springfield hospital and a new Alexandria hospital at the former Landmark Mall site. They’re expected to cost a combined $2 billion and be completed in 2028.

The first phase of the $161 million Inova Fairfax Hospital emergency department expansion and renovation opened in late 2024, which included an expanded pediatric ER.

NEW LIFE EXPERIENCE: Getting to know some of the early founders of the internet and translating things they did decades ago to our own and AI journey at Inova.

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Hospitality | Tourism 2025: GEORGE, MICHAEL

A 40-year industry veteran, George founded Crescent & Resorts in 2001. The company operates more than 120 properties in the U.S and Canada. Its hotel portfolio includes Marriott, Hilton, Hyatt and InterContinental Hotels Group brands, along with the Latitudes: Lifestyles by Crescent collection of independent hotels and resorts.

In 2024, the company announced an agreement with a Comstock Holding Cos. affiliate to manage the JW Marriott — Virginia’s first — at Reston Station, expected to open this fall. Crescent announced in May it was managing the Renaissance Honolulu Hotel & Spa, which has 299 rooms and suites.

Before founding Crescent, George served as senior vice president of operations for Destination Hotels & Resorts. Prior to that, he served as chief operating officer for Sunstone Hotels Properties and senior vice president of operations for Interstate Hotels & Resorts, now part of Aimbridge Hospitality. Earlier in his career, George was a general manager for Hilton, Westin and Sheraton hotels.

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